84% of Internet Users Practice Dangerous Password Behaviors [Survey]

Assistant Professor of Computer Science — School of Computing and Information Science

University of Maine

How often should people change their passwords to ensure they are protected?

Unlike most common practices, research has shown that changing passwords frequently may result in weaker passwords or reuse of passwords. Hence, NIST (the National Institute of Standards and Technology) does not recommend changing passwords frequently. The best guideline is to change [your password] when there is a breach, or every 365 days. In addition, NIST recommends having lengthier passwords rather than complex ones with special characters. Hints for passwords should also be avoided.

What are some best practices for people to avoid getting their passwords compromised or leaked?

Nowadays, having only single-factor authentication makes people highly susceptible to breaches or compromise. First and foremost, people should always use at least two-factor authentication. Each factor should be from different categories of authentication.

These categories include:

• Something you know (knowledge). Examples: password, PIN, passphrase
• Something you have (token). Example: smart cards
• Something you are (static biometric). Example: fingerprints
• Something you do (dynamic biometric). Examples: voice patterns, handwriting

So, for example, biometrics (such as fingerprints or facial recognition), one-time codes, or authenticator codes should be used in combination with your password. NIST guidelines, however, indicate that biometrics should be used in a limited capacity.

In addition, when choosing a password, people need follow these guidelines:

• The password is not in the dictionary, doesn’t have hints in it, and isn’t context specific. (For example, the password has part of the user’s name or username in it.)
• It's not reused on other websites. Reuse also means having a password that only differs by one character.
• It hasn’t been leaked. If a password has been leaked, they should never, ever reuse it.
• It’s stored properly. Passwords should be stored in secure places and should be encrypted.
• Is not easily guessable through social engineering.
• Does not include repetitive characters such as “aaa."
• Does not use known passwords. Passwords such as “password” should be avoided. Known passwords could also be passwords obtained from previous breach corpuses or dictionary words.
• The password is long. Length is more important than complexity.

Are there risks with using password managers to save your passwords? (e.g., LastPass, Google Password Manager)

Generally, it is a good practice to use secure and verified password managers. It helps users have longer passwords and avoid reusing passwords. However, as with anything, this can also be risky. Some password managers have been susceptible to breaches and leaks. It is important to know which password managers provide better security, have minimized risks, and learned from breaches. Google or Apple password managers are good options. There are also many other password managers that provide a good level of security.

Associate Director and Associate Professor — Department of Computational Modeling and Simulation Engineering, Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center

Old Dominion University

How often should people change their passwords to ensure they are protected?

The frequency at which you should change your password depends on several factors:

• Use of unique, strong, complex and hard-to-guess passwords
• Use of two-factor authentication
• Use of a password manager

If these factors do not apply to you, then your passwords should be changed every three months or whenever the user is made aware of a password breach.

What are some best practices for people to avoid getting their passwords compromised or leaked?

As mentioned above, the best practices are:

• Create strong, unique, and complex passwords
• Never reuse passwords
• Use two-factor authentication
• Use a password manager

Are there risks with using password managers to save your passwords? (e.g., LastPass, Google Password Manager)

Password managers use encryption technology that ensures that only the user with the correct key or password to the password manager can access their passwords. Not even the companies that operate the password manager can access the user's passwords. So, you are only as good as the one single password you use to unlock your password manager. It's either best to always remember just one password or to use a biometric marker or face ID to unlock your password manager.

Distinguished Professor, founder of the Department of Data Science, and Director of the Institute for Data Science — Ying Wu College of Computing

New Jersey Institute of Technology

How often should people change their passwords to ensure they are protected?

As a best practice, people should change their passwords every three months. This reduces the time that a compromised password will be used against you by a malicious actor.

What are some best practices for people to avoid getting their passwords compromised or leaked?

There are several simple things you can do to avoid getting your password compromised or leaked. First, when you create a new password, do not use any previously used passwords. Make sure your new password includes upper- and lower-case alphabetic characters, numbers, and special symbols (such as !@#$%^&*,.). [Do not use] any names or recognizable words.

There are several free or inexpensive password keepers on the market, and using one of these typically provides a secure vault for storing your passwords and autofilling them into your applications when necessary.

Are there risks with using password managers to save your passwords? (e.g., LastPass, Google Password Manager)

Really, there are no significant risks of using any of the popular password managers — just make sure to use a strong password to secure your vault, since that one password will protect all of your other stored passwords.

Clinical Professor for Sonoco International Business Department, Lead Faculty for Cybersecurity Management Graduate Certificate program — Darla Moore School of Business

University of South Carolina

How often should people change their passwords to ensure they are protected?

Passwords should be changed frequently. Likewise, you really want to use different passwords for different applications. The sheer number of required passwords today presents a challenge to the average technology user, but the alternative of getting hacked or having your identity stolen is a high price to pay.

The fact is, there is a percentage of people out there who have not changed their passwords in years despite not realizing that the same password was hacked five years ago and has been circulating the dark web for years. The only safe approach today is to use completely different passwords and change them often. If you write the passwords down somewhere, you have opened up another possible weak point.

What are some best practices for people to avoid getting their passwords compromised or leaked?

The first might seem obvious, but don’t stick it to your computer with a sticky note. Likewise, do not write it down in a file with all your other passwords and save the file as, “Saved Passwords.” Hackers are far more sophisticated today than even a few years ago. Whether the bad actors originate from a nation-state or organized crime, the dark web is filled with passwords stolen from previous data breaches.

As the bad actors have honed their skills, so, too, have they honed their tools for “guessing” passwords. Hive Systems has developed an interesting table with estimated times it takes hackers to crack various password combinations. We know that a 12- to 14-digit password mixing capital letters, numbers, symbols, and letters can be much more difficult for a determined hacker. The days of using your anniversary, a child’s birthdate, or your mother’s maiden name should be well behind you.

Think of a verse from your favorite poem and then use the first letter from each word in the third sentence, mixed with symbols, numbers, and capitalization, and you’ll start to have a level of difficulty necessary in today’s security climate.

Are there risks with using password managers to save your passwords? (e.g., LastPass, Google Password Manager)

A question like this reminds me of the old maxim, “Don’t keep all your eggs in one basket.” Now, is it easy to use a password manager? Yes. Is it handy not to have to memorize a dozen different passwords? Yes. Are we safer using a password manager than not? Well, it depends.

Many password managers are protected by, yes, passwords. Relying on one single password to protect all your other passwords might be more convenient and efficient. However, as with most security precautions, being the most convenient or efficient has to be weighed with the potential damage if your passwords are compromised. This is highly dependent on a number of factors, including the difficulty of the password, how frequently it is changed, [and if it is] duplicated elsewhere, for example.

This is not to say that there are not some very good password managers out there. However, one must always consider a number of factors. Is there one correct answer for everyone? Well, if everyone could remember an alphanumeric password with 15 characters including random symbols and capitalization, then there would be no need for other resources. However, because each of us now has potentially dozens of passwords to use every day, the individual user must consider a range of risk factors to determine their own best course of action.

The practice of multiple passwords is still relatively new and we are still learning what best practices look like. For some people, having a password manager might be their best solution. For other users, it may not.